Essay on Progression of the Kouroi - 1333 Words

Progression of the Kouroi What is a kouros? In Greek, kouros means a young man. In art, a kouros is a statue of a young nude male who stands with his hands at his sides and one leg, usually his left, advanced. Throughout the Archaic period, which dates from 610 B.C. to 480 B.C., the basic pose of kouroi (plural for kouros) remained the same, though the anatomy of the figures gradually became more naturalistic or true to life. The ideology that the Greek sculptors wanted to achieve greater naturalism is proven through the progression of the kouroi during the period. At a glance, three main features deem the Getty Kouros under the general classification of a kouros: hands, hair, and feet. The hands are clenched into fists. They†¦show more content†¦Despite this, the Kouros was put on display on October 1986. During the early nineties, a fake marble torso that is similar to the Getty Kouros is discovered. Therefore, the fake torso was purchased for research and the Kouros was removed from the display for reevaluation of the previous studies. In May of 1992, the Kouros was displayed in Athens, Greece, at an international conference on its authenticity. Although the majority of art historians and archeologists condemn it, most of the scientists believe the Kouros to be authentic. Up to this day, the question of the Getty Kouros authenticity remains a mystery for the statue is still dated as Greek, 530 B.C. or modern forgery. The controversy of the authenticity of the Getty Kouros will be addressed shortly after the characterization of the kouros. Kroisos, a kouros from a cemetery at Anavysos, most resembles the Getty Kouros. By comparing the Getty Kouros shown at different angles with Kroisos a lot of similarities can be seen. The placement of the feet on the base in relation to the position of the hands and the shoulders, as well as details of the head, can help to determine whether a kouros turns to the left or right. This subtle movement in either direction is found among all authentic kouroi. The bent (or broken) axis of the left foot of the Getty Kouros is one ofShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology : The Epic Tale The Iliad1179 Words   |  5 Pagesstyles and functions. In the case of this study, the mythological god Apollo is the subject of the artistic works of the votive known as the â€Å"Mantiklos Apollo† and the statue of â€Å"Apollo† that was found in Pireaus. These figures show a natural progression in style and technique. They are important because they represent the sacred beliefs and superstition s of their respective cultures and time periods. The two stylistic periods represented in this study, are the Geometric period and archaic period

Satire in Jonathan Swift´s Gullivers Travels - 1944 Words

In the early eighteenth-century, Irish writer Jonathan Swift produced one of the most printed novels known to date. The novel, Gulliver’s Travels, not only received recognition for being reprinted an immense amount of time, but also for the satire found within the novel. Swift intended his novel to be used as a scapegoat in which he would reveal his opinion on the English society. Swift was able to demonstrate this satire through the four part plot of Gulliver’s Travels. Each part of the novel told the journey of the protagonist and focal character, Lemuel Gulliver, to an unknown island. Lemuel Gulliver spent a majority of his life bouncing around from place to place until settling in London as a practicing doctor. Once Gulliver’s business†¦show more content†¦The size of a Lilliputian’s heel illustrated whether he belonged to the group supporting or opposing the Emperor and his rule. Gulliver then gained insight that the Lilliputians are in a war with neighboring island Belfescu over matter that no one seemed to remember. With time, it surfaced that the reason of the endless war is over which end an egg is properly cracked at. Lilliputians believed the correct way to crack an egg was with the small end, while some rejected this belief and adapted that the correct way to crack an egg was with the big end. The problems Gulliver learned about the Lilliputian society and government acts as a parallel to that in England. The tactic by which government officials are appointed in Lilliput is meant to criticize England’s system of appointing and its unprofessionalism. The split in Lilliputian society into little heels and big heels adheres to the two political parties in England, the Tories and Whigs. The argument over how to crack an egg, leading to an endless war with Belfescu, mirrors the history of England. The split into Lilliput and Belfescu represents the break in church between Catholics and Protestants. The war represents the on going battle between England and France over a reason no one can recollect. Gulliver found the problems in the Lilliputian’s society to be pointless, while they found it to be critical. Gulliver’s journey in Lilliput stresses that there is no point for Tories and Whigs, England and France, or theShow MoreRelatedGulliver s Travels By Jona than Swift1116 Words   |  5 PagesGulliver’s Travels was written by Jonathan Swift in 1721. Jonathan Swift, born in 1667 was an Irish satirist, poet and pamphleteer. He later became Duke of the St Patrick Cathedral in Dublin (Ireland). He was also a minister between 1710 and 1714 (Swift Biography 1). â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† tells the story of Gulliver as he travels throughout the world and meets different societies. Each trip allows him to encounter some fascinating civilizations. The first trip of Gulliver is Lilliput, where the populationRead MoreGulliver ´s Travels by Jonathan Swift: Biographical Summary1982 Words   |  8 PagesGulliver’s Travels – Jonathan Swift – Biographical Summary Jonathan Swift was born on November 30, 1667 in Ireland to English parents, Jonathan and Abigail. His father, Jonathan, died shortly after his birth, leaving his mother to raise him and his sister alone. In Ireland, Swift was dependent on a nanny for three years because his mother moved to England. The young man was educated because of the patronage of his Uncle, Godwin Swift. Godwin sent him to Kilkenny Grammar School at age six, whichRead MoreJonathan Swift s Literary Canon Of Politically And Comically Prolific Satires996 Words   |  4 PagesThesis Statement: Jonathan Swift’s literary canon of politically and comically-prolific satires, fantasies, and allegories was seasoned with his exposure to the follies of the economic, religious and governing institutions of the British Empire, and thus, he sought to lampoon and caricature the current events and social, cultural, religious, and political trends that were so omnipotent during his lifetime. Swift’s exposure to the monarchical mentality and rife factional conflicts pervading the politicalRead MoreExploring the Ways Jonathan Swift Satirises England of the 1720s818 Words   |  4 PagesExploring the Ways Jonathan Swift Satirises England of the 1720s In this essay, I will be considering some of the ways Jonathan Swift satirises the English society. I will be focusing on the effect of his book Gullivers Travels both when it was written and on a modern day audience. Gullivers Travels was published in 1726. Jonathan Swift caused a huge riot because of the way he wrote the book. Satire is making a mockery of people or a group of people in a sarcasticRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels 1933 Words   |  8 Pagesof Jonathan Swift’s writings there are many commonalities. One in particular that stands out is the use of satire throughout both â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, which tells the story of a series of voyages of Lemuel Gulliver’s published in 1726, and â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, where Swift uses the idea of cannibalism to captivate his audience as well as focus on society’s problems. Throughout Swift’s life, politics and religion had a huge impact on him and more importantly, his writing. Many of the satires thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s Gulliver s Travels 2033 Words   |  9 Pages​Jonathan Swift was a writer known for his use of satire: the application of humor, irony, exaggeration, and ridicule to expose and criticize. At a glance, the novel seems to be a travel log of Lemuel Gulliver’s adventures, but is primarily a work of satire. Through Gulliver’s Travels, Swift strives to satirize the eighteenth century humanity. Swift was titled a misanthrope, a hater of humanity, his misanthropy rose from his disappointment in mankind. Swift utilizes Gulliver in satirizing the populationRead MoreAnalysis Of Jonathan Swift s The Revolutionary War 1583 Words   |  7 PagesHannah Rice Schmidt – 1 Research Paper 23 September 2014 Jonathan Swift The Revolutionary War is one, if not the most memorable time of American history. It is what started the beginning of the land of the free. The colonization and tyranny of England was not just felt in the thirteen colonies that became America but also in places such as Ireland. Authors such as Jonathan Swift not only acted as literary geniuses but as a way for modern day historians to see the effects of colonization and the hardshipsRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Jonathan Swift1425 Words   |  6 PagesComp. II Oct. 27, 2015 Literary analysis The author I decided to write about is Jonathan Swift for he had a keen sense for effective sarcasm. As Jonathan Swift said â€Å"The proper words in the proper places are the true definition of style.† Though he was known in different ways, he was mostly popularized through his gift in writing, particularly his satire, or his use of humor and irony, essays. Through out swift life, there has been plenty of events where I believe shape the way he was, hence hisRead More Satire2542 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Satire is a sort of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own† (Swift). Such beholders, as Jonathan Swift astutely emphasizes, are intended, through guidance of satiric narrative, to recognize social or political plights. In some satires, as in Swift’s own A Modest Proposal, the use of absurd, blatant exaggeration is intended to capture an indolent audience’s attention regarding the social state of the poor. Yet even in such a direct satire, there exists anotherRead MoreBiographical Summary : Jonathan Swift1982 Words   |  8 PagesBiographical Summary Jonathan Swift was born in the land of Dublin, Ireland on November 30th, 1667. Swift was born to English parents, Jonathan and Abigale Swift. Unfortunately, Swift’s father passed away before his son’s birth. At the age of three, Swift was raised by his late father’s family. He attended Kilkenny Grammar School with fellow student William Congreve, who would later become a dramatist. From there, Swift moved on to attend Trinity College in Dublin and Hart Hall in Oxford. Swift would acquire

Politics and Development in Asia Free Essays

string(116) " passage of laws that would be favorable to its people and not to its foreign neighbors or former colonial masters\." 1. In what political respects is the developing world truly developing, and in what significant parts of it are not? Discuss and substantiate by giving examples (Focus: Asia) In understanding political developments in Asia, being the bulk of the world’s developing nations, I begin this paper by looking at the historical developments that have largely shaped and defined the Asian nations. More importantly I focus on the Southeast Asian region of the continent due to its diversity as well as the pervading regional cooperation that has directly affected, if not impacted other Asian countries during the years after World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics and Development in Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly I would draw three distinctions of how developing nations are truly developing with respects to three vital political areas, mainly: the functions of the government, the electoral process and the participation of civil society. These three aspects would focus on how developing nations in Asia have managed to progress politically after its democracy was established. Historical Overview Geographically speaking the Asian continent spans 17 million square kilometers and is home to a population of over 4 billion people. In the past 60 or so years it has largely been host to over a dozen developing nations such as: the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam and also to progressive developing or developed nations as well. This balance between developing and developed nations is attributed to the influences and a country’s experience under colonial rule. During this era, Europeans believed that Asians were largely backward both socially and economically and only served for the economic enhancement of its parent nation (Charskykh, 2005), more importantly the locals in these countries served the purpose of being the labor force of their colonial masters. It was through this labor and various instances of social, physical and mental discrimination that many of the Asian countries that had been colonized were forced to revolt. This sense of nationalism, even at its most infantile  stages (as seen in Philippine society) had helped to consolidate and unify the different levels of society to enact political change that would help in the betterment of the country. Revolution being the catalyst for political change in Asia has helped foster the spread of independent governments, however it can also be said that revolution wasn’t the only catalyst for the development of early political change in the region. It was during the events that occurred after World War II—the Cold War—that further changed the political landscape of the Asian region, the age of multi-polarity in Richard Haas’ article on The Age of Non-polarity (2008) draws a distinction that countries were further developed wherein power of two sovereign nations (the United States and the USSR) helped numerous Asian countries as a means of spreading ideological and political attitudes among different countries. The age of non-polarity as well as the effects of the Cold War helped to consolidate and change the different Asian countries political institutions, structures and the very mechanisms, which are evident in today’s countries. Political Development It can be said that countries in Asia, seeing from the events or circumstances that had shaped it historically, is seen as a progressive continent host to many of the world’s developing nations. In recent years, Asia has played a large role in defining East-West relations both politically and economically. With the growing influence and presence of China, the world has turned its eye on the eastern portion of the map and thus, this has helped to bring in numerous investments and interests to the region. However, despite this surge of regional interest, Asia still has many issues to tackle, such as the role of democracy and the democratization process that some countries are sorely lacking, this is part and parcel to the formation of their government, its role and function that should help and aid the people. Secondly, the electoral process, which has served to gauge how democratized a country is to the point that it is willing to progress. More importantly, the electoral processes in a developing country is often observed and watched because of how it affects the people—being the  most basic right to political participation and representation—and by large its effects on a country’s relations with its Asian and global neighbors. Lastly the participation of civil society, in any democratized nation, civil society plays a key role in strengthening and forwarding the issues that are important to the people to the government. More than that, civil society has also played a role in disciplining the government through its â€Å"expose and oppose† tactics, tactics that have helped initiate change in the government through the passing of laws and reforms that would protect the basic rights of the citizens. Functions of the Government As mentioned earlier, Asian governments being a direct product of independence from the de-colonization process or a product of a bi-polar world order are currently experience what political scientists call the â€Å"third wave† of democracy. This third wave according to Samuel Huntington (1990) is essentially characterized by the loss of legitimacy of authoritarian regimes, a growth in economic output, changes in the Catholic Church; regional contingency factors; and external factors (notably the influence of the European Union and the US). Huntington’s Third Wave of democracy enabled many newly independent countries to establish themselves in their region, much in the same way the Philippines, India, Indonesia and Malaysia did after the Second World War and the subsequent years after. Moreover, because of the waves of democratization, these fledgling governments sought to establish their own national identity as well as strengthen its patrimony. Hence we see governmen ts working to abolish and reform parts of their system from colonial influences or vestiges of it. Hence, governments in Asia are functioning however to use the standards of many Western nations, there are countries that are still in need of further development. Governments in this continent are developing in the sense that immediately after their independence they had begun instituting change, the passage of laws that would be favorable to its people and not to its foreign neighbors or former colonial masters. You read "Politics and Development in Asia" in category "Papers" More importantly, it was the passing of their own constitution, which embodied their own ideals and aspirations. Besides that being a democratic country, governments have taken into effect the very thing that they weren’t able to have under colonial rule, their rights and privileges. Like any other democratic country, the government as well as its branches is tasked with the preservation of their constituent’s basic human, political and social rights. Moreover the governments of Asia during this third wave of democratization have largely distanced itself from the use of its military to coerce the people into action, as seen in the case of the political upheavals in Indonesia, Malaysia and even the Philippines that help restore civilian rule and enact legislation that places all decision-making processes of the military under civilian authority. Hence, the role of the government and its development in the political landscape of Asia is essentially characterized by the waves of democracy that had followed after numerous political and social upheavals that had happened in the region that had allowed for democracy to proper. Moreover, the political development of Asia is largely attributed to the national identity that had been formed prior to their independence as well as the belief that civilian authority should pervade in all aspects of the government structure. Electoral Processes The electoral process of Asia and by large any democratic country for that matter has been part and parcel of strengthening the democratization of any country. More importantly the electoral processes is seen as the establishment and legitimizing of a government that would adhere to the standards of different political watchdogs, media and Western governments that have investments in a particular Asian country. Electoral process as a measure of political development in developing nations usually stems from the desire to fulfill some of the promises of democracy or change the democratic landscape to as fulfill the problem of diminished and failed expectations of democracy as embodied in Mark Warren’s article on democratic participation (p. 679, 2002), drawing from the  experiences from the Asian countries such as Thailand; democracy through its elections has failed to address the needs of its people. This has led to the disillusionment or disenfranchisement of voters that have led citizens to become critical of their government. Elections in Southeast Asian countries strengthen the political participation of different levels of society by allowing greater sectoral participation as well as the existence of party-list systems that aim to bridge the gap between the government and civil society itself. More importantly elections are a way for allowing a wide-range of issues and platforms of dialogues to be tackled and addressed so as to initiate reform and change within a system that a citizen may no longer believe in. It is because of this most basic political aspect that citizens are duly empowered to create an environment that would allow them greater representation and for their issues to be heard because the electoral processes in any democratic country is an avenue for change. Civil Society Through the efforts of electoral processes in developing nations, civil society also plays a larger role in the development of democracies in the continent. Civil society is the representation of the people to the government; they serve as the platforms of dialogues as well as the source of political lobbying and confrontation. Such as the case in Myanmar where various civil groups protested against government action levied by the military junta against Aung San Suu Kyi, in China the protestation of their freedom to express themselves freely has been an issue that had led to the pullout of some international companies that had censured their content. Besides these all too familiar modes of political confrontation, civil society also lobbies for issues that marginalize a certain group of people. They represent and voice out the concerns of societies that the government may have neglected to address. Secondly civil society also exposes and opposes those people in the establishment of their crimes. Governmental crimes that range from graft and corruption to other irregularities in the system that seek to create inequality or those that would benefit only a certain individual or group of people that would directly benefit from such  a malfeasance. Another aspect of civil society in Asia is that it is vibrant, in the sense that these groups are constantly vigilant of the government’s movements, procedures and every minute detail that would affect the people. One could say that the government cannot move without some group or party noticing it. Because of this vibrancy there is a wider range of perspectives and opinions that the government has to address to allow equality and participation of the people and the groups that represent their interests. Conclusion Politically speaking, the developing nations in Asia are truly developing albeit at a slow pace, however these countries face numerous problems such as the prevalence of cacique democracy, patron-client relationships, the growing incidence of graft and corruption as well as the lack of accountability and transparency. Besides these institutional problems, Asian countries are quick to act using means that would question the legitimacy of a government (i.e. People Power revolutions both in the Philippines and Indonesia). Thirdly, political developments in an Asian country has only helped to serve the elites of society by creating laws that would greatly benefit them or help them stay in power. And lastly there is the proliferation of political dynasties and the existence of bureaucratic powers that have limited the progression of democracy and equality in the government. 2. Are the main political trends experienced by the developing world in recent decades summed up best by increasing diversity or alternatively growing convergence? Discuss extensively (Focus: Asia). In today’s globalized world, political trends have been largely varied in different parts of the world, yet each of these trends have helped in the establishment of strong governments and a vibrant civil society. The growing political trend of today’s developing world is the use of media as a platform of dialogue and garnering a wider influence that spans not just local but international borders as well. Secondly, the sudden rise of terrorism and the increase of regional and global security at the onset of the 21st century, has made steady grounds in the discussion of what could  and should be done to address political upheaval brought about by the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States. Thirdly, the further strengthening of regional and international economic and political cooperation, with respects to China, Singapore and Japan as emerging economies of the 21st century and how this has affected Western influences in the continent. Media As mentioned earlier in my introduction, one of the prevailing political trends of the developing world is the use of media—in all its forms—to further the cause of both civilian and the government. In this highly globalized world, the media is at the forefront of providing information that would either help or discredit a politician or the government. In recent years, the prevalence of media in all aspects of society was seen through the formation of websites designed for greater interaction (Web 2.0) that allows ordinary people to post, comment or critique on issues that are miles apart. During the 2008 US elections, media helped to bolster the presence of candidates running for the presidency, using new technologies that allowed ordinary people’s opinions and questions to be heard and also to evaluate these candidates based on their answers. Hence, in Zaller’s paper titled â€Å"A Theory of Media Politics† (1999) â€Å"For politicians, the goal of media politics is to use mass communication to mobilize the public support they need to win elections and to get their programs enacted while in office. For journalists, the goal of media politics is to produce stories that attract big audiences and that emphasize the â€Å"Independent and Significant Voice of Journalists.† For citizens, the goal is to monitor politics and hold politicians accountable on the basis of minimal effort†. Another instance of the use of media to change or forward opinion and movement was during the elections in Iran that were heavily critical of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s re-election to the presidency of Iran. His re-election served as a catalyst for media and the Internet to react and criticize what  the public perceived as the massive fraud and failure of elections that was happening. On Myanmar, during the events that led to the arrest of an American that had â€Å"trespassed† opposition leader’s Aung San Suu Kyi’s home led to a media storm that called for the violation of human rights of both the leader and the American. Thus, media as a political trend is vastly critical in denouncing governmental actions that it perceives as the limitation of political movement (freedom of speech and expression) as well the protection and advancement of issues that span borders. It is evident that through the Internet and other forms of media that political issues are now known globally, that one portion of the world can already actively participate in issues that are important to them. Security and Terrorism Even before the events of September 11, 2001 terrorism and security in the developing world, specifically the Southeast Asian region of the world, had been experiencing increasingly high levels of terrorist activities due in part to the movement of terrorist cells that had existed during the height of the Cold War and after the fall of Communism in 1991 led to the establishment of different Islamic terrorist groups in Central Asia then would later branch out to the different regions of Southeast Asia. According to Ambassador Alfonso T. Yuchengco in his speech titled â€Å"Islamist Terrorism in Southeast Asia† (2003) he mentions that the movement of these splinter groups led to the formation of the Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist cell which has been operating in different parts of Southeast Asia such as Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines. The terrorist group has played a large part in redefining internal security in the region due to its attacks following the events of 9-11 such as the 2002 Bali Bombings and other campaigns of terror done by the JI in Indonesia,. More importantly, Yuchengco stressed on the growing problem that this groups are privately trained and funded by Middle-Eastern groups such as the Al Qaida network. This has led to a crackdown of terrorist and militant groups as well as the pressuring of the United States of respective SEA governments to crackdown on suspected militant groups, individuals and organizations (Vaughn, B., et al, 2009). Regional and International Cooperation With the bulk of developing nations concentrated in the Asian regions as well the various emerging economies in Asia, it is evident and imperative that one of the political trends in developing nations is the bolstering of regional and international cooperation both economically and politically. The bolstering of these two types of cooperation is vastly seen in the scope of Foreign Policy goals as both milieu and direct national goals. Milieu in the sense that these Asian nations are doing not for the self-interest of their country but rather â€Å"nations pursuing them are out not to defend or increase possessions they hold to the exclusion of others, but aim instead at shaping conditions beyond their national boundaries†. And secondly, direct national goals those that focus on national dependence, or national/collective security or the enhancement of trade relations and negations between two different nation-states (Wolfers, A., 1962). Regional and International cooperation has since become a trend due to the growing number of emerging and so-called â€Å"Tiger Economies† that have helped attract the interests of Western nations in the continent, this has helped to bring in foreign direct investments. More importantly the cooperation isn’t just focused primarily on nation-states economic agreements with one another but also the existence of international NGO’s aimed at developing different parts of developing countries. These NGO’s sole purpose is to help achieve sustainable development and provide livelihood and to help alleviate poverty and bridge the gap between the rich and the poor (Todaro, M., 2008). Increasing Divergence or Alternatively Growing Convergence From the effects of globalization it is evident that the through the political trends of the media, security and terrorism, and regional and international cooperation among developing and developed nation-states there is an alternatively growing convergence. Through the events following the end of the Cold War as well as numerous political upheavals in Asian and European countries that have led to countries being democratized, there is a convergence of political trends. Convergences in the sense that the factors  mentioned earlier have been able to establish significant changes in the internal political structures of a country, which have ultimately affected its relations with its neighboring countries. This convergence of political trends enables countries to share the same ideas and perspectives regarding key issues that would help or empower their country and other countries as well. Because of the strengthening of key issues, there are greater levels of cooperation and dialogue that helps in the advancement of relationships between nation-states. 3. Identify and discuss the internal (domestic) and external factors that contributed to the democratization of a developing world. After identifying, discuss the comparative importance of both factors in the process of democratization. (Focus: 1 Asian country). Philippines The Philippines has long been considered to be the bastion of democracy in the Asian continent, moreover it is also its oldest democratic country. In nearly a century, the Philippines has progressed democratically internally through the following aspects: democratic transitions after Marcos’ regime, the existence of constitutional reforms. On the other hand the external factors that contributed to the democratization of the developing world are: the Philippines’ relations with former communist countries and its relationship with the Islamic countries Internal Factors Internally, the Philippines contributed to the democratization of the world by showing exactly how it transitioned democratically from an authoritarian regime to that of a democratic one. It was the events of People Power I and thereafter that showed how much progress the Philippines had made during its darkest days. The People Power revolution showed that when the government becomes a problem, as specified in some of the categories when a democratic government is no longer a democratic one when its people has lost its trust on the government, it destroys the community order and many more. These  distinctions helped to unify the people to action because of the belief that democracy should fulfill and meet the expectations of its people. In the context of Philippine society, Marcosian rule helped to create a vibrant civil society hence Clifton Sherrill (2006 p. 224) states, â€Å"the need for such groups is critical given the existing social order. Because the traditional elites dominate society, only through mass organization can the lower class establish an audible political view†, in this statement it was evident that political participation by the people were severely limited. In any democratic country, civil society allows for the people to voice out their concerns, that Mark Warren (2002 p. 681) states that when the government has failed to realize the promises it had set out to fill, the citizens become critical of their government, thus the establishment is seen as â€Å"incompetent, untrustworthy, and even corrupt†. More importantly civil society drawing their experiences from the Martial Law period has opted to stay on the streets, since civil society is composed of different groups each with varying opinions â€Å"these groups have consistently played a crucial role in mobilizing civil society to defend the democratic transition and to check authoritarian tendencies on the part of political elites† (Eaton, K., 2003, p. 487). Hence it can be concluded that from our experiences under Marcos’ rule we have managed to create a democracy that is more critical and observant of the movement of the government. It is able to discern Another aspect of democratic transitions after Marcos’ rule are the constitutional reforms enacted, mainly the creation of a multi-party/party-list system and the safeguards embodied in the constitution against authoritarian tendencies. Firstly the 1987 Philippine constitution allowed and introduced provisions that were â€Å"designed to widen democratic space and allow for greater participation of other sectors in Philippine society† and more importantly the inception of the party-list law was to serve as the mechanism for proportional representation in the different marginalized sectors of society (Teehankee, n.d. p. 180; p. 182). Through the introduction of such a provision, this allowed for greater civic participation of the people, the allowing of different marginalized groups help to put key issues of concerns such as: development, rights and those that have minimal representation or who have no voice in society (i.e. the  unborn). On the other hand, the framers of the constitution also included specific portions in the constitution that would limit the powers of the president and the military. Some of the basic safeguards is the often cited principle of â€Å"checks and balances† but more than that, the constitution also implemented provisions such as the declaration of martial law with the concurrence of the congress, the creation of the Sandiganbayan to curtail graft and corruption within the government (De Leon, H., 2001). External Factors Externally the Philippines has contributed to the democratization of developing countries by pursuing a foreign policy that is mutually beneficial to both parties. In this portion of the paper I will be discussing how the Philippines in a span of 50 years or so years has maintained diplomatic and democratic relations between Islamic countries and former Communist countries. These external relations done by the Philippines shows how democracy has helped the country establish important economic and political linkages with many of the world’s fledgling democracies and maintain cordial relations with international organizations with regards to its own internal conflicts. I begin by looking at the Philippines and its relation with the Islamic countries, then by looking at the Philippines and its relations with a communist country, particularly that of China. The Philippines and the Islamic countries relationship has long been a colorful one, it stems from the Philippines’ relations with other Islamic nations. A relationship that had relied heavily on global interdependency in the Middle East, due to the large supply of oil in the region, the need to expand the markets of the Philippines, and the growing number of OFW’s in the region (Wadi, J., 1998). It was because of these key factors that the Philippines has remained strong diplomatic relations with the other Islamic countries, this type of relationship was geared towards a mutual interdependence both financially and economically. However, the Philippines had also play a significant role with regards to its special relationship with the United States. This relationship with the US as well as their influence over the Philippines’ foreign policy had alienated other countries, particularly Pakistan after the creation of the Israeli state in  1948. It was only in 1973 during the Arab oil boycott that the Philippines â€Å"embarked on an unprecedented diplomatic offensive to recognize almost twenty countries in the Islamic world in the 70s†. This form of action helped to bolster the presence of the Middle East not just in the Asian continent but also help in the growth of their presence in the Southeast Asian region. The pursuit of mutual interdependence is largely seen as an effort to democratize relations between former colonial countries as well as to establish strong cultural and economical linkages that would help the Philippines in tackling many of its internal problems, notably the conflicts in Mindanao. The second aspect is the relationship of the Philippines with other communist countries notably the People’s Republic of China (PRC) during the 1970s when it was advocating for the implementation of the â€Å"One China Policy† in the UN. The relationship of the two countries are strongly linked with our earlier formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (ROC) or Taiwan, during the height of the Cold War, the Philippines had maintained a decisively strong anti-communist stance and thus resolved to deal mostly with Taiwan, which at the time was the duly-recognized Chinese country. Our foreign relations with the ROC (due in part to the influence of Americans) were primarily focused on maintaining a strategic military advancement within the region as well as the curtailing of the spread of communism within the region. However, much in the same way that the 1973 Arab oil boycott affected the country, under the presidency of Marcos, the country began establishing more formal diplomatic relations with the PRC. A relationship that was to help the Philippines sustain growth by accepting oil shipments from them in exchange for the PRC to import Philippine products such as coconut oil, lumber sugar, copper ore, and other metals. Hence in the years that followed, even after the fall of communism, the country’s relationship with China has been economically and culturally focused (Lim, B., 1998). Comparative Importance The comparative importance of the two factors is seen in their reciprocation  towards one another. In the context of Philippine politics and society, internally we face numerous problems that hinder our growth and development, especially after numerous political and social upheavals that have constantly marred our progress and image towards other Asian nations. However, through the enactment of certain reforms internally, we are thereby creating a political landscape bereft of anomalies and other discrepancies that would otherwise hinder the maturation of the country’s political system. It was because of the events of Martial Law and the People Power Revolution during the early 70’s and the late 80’s that we have managed to transform the country into one that is highly critical of the actions of the government and yet allow it to function within the rule of the civilians as opposed to the rule of the military. More importantly, through the advancement of civic participation within the country, the Philippines is able to garner a wider perspective and opinion on the issues that it needs to tackle. By creating a strong society, the country is able to externally project itself as able to handle different and vital political relations that would be beneficial to the establishment of a stronger society both politically and economically. How to cite Politics and Development in Asia, Papers

Leadership and Organization Development-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically assess the key principles underlying strategic people management and explain how their implementation enhances organisational and individual performance. Critically evaluate the relationships between effective people management, organisational performance, ethics and social justice. Answer: Introduction: The company J J Furnishings, Ltd is flourishing under the strong leadership team, the company has projected certain goals which are to be achieved through the strong management and the leadership. For achieving the goals, the company must follow the transformational leadership style (Jogulu, 2010). The transformational leadership is such type of leadership where the management works in hand with the employees for identifying the changes. Leaders working under the transformational leaderships are the leaders with vision and creating an inspiring vision and with the execution of certain changes. These are the leaders with the high emotional intelligence and integrity (Jogulu, 2010). They inspirers the team with the clear set of goals and expects the best results from the team. Such type of leadership style will serve motivation among this boosting the morale and the performance of the employees (Jogulu, 2010). Leadership Styles Transformational leadership results in inspiring the employees for changing their expectations and perceptions towards the work for achieving the organizational goals that are achieving the long term sustainability and to upgrade the system through innovation and implementation of the latest technology (Jogulu, 2010). Transformational leadership is just about the give and take relationship, and works for the team benefits and achieving the company objectives. In above case, the goals of the company are discussed that is to improve the efficiency and follow such strategic plans which help in achieving the needs or requirements of the consumers (Mahajan, 2011). The company focus is just to revitalise it and with this increasing the profitability of the company (Mahajan, 2011). Transformational leadership results in extraordinary changes when the company focused on adding new changes to the company growth and the long term sustainability. Supporters by means of their leaders skills, bel iefs, and personal strengths help the employees to focus on achieving goals (Mahajan, 2011). An immense leader accepts challenges and follows taking the greater ownership of the related task and work while understanding the strengths and the weaknesses of the processes. Such leadership style of management sets the goals to be clear, encourage others with having high expectation and providing recognition and support. The transactional leadership style is based on the transaction that occurs between the employee and the leader (Mahajan, 2011). In such leadership style, the organizations only pay the employees for the efforts done by them and see the relationships as the series of the transactions. Thus punishments, rewards reciprocity, exchanges that are emotional, economic or physical are such "transactions" which are the base of the transactional leadership. Hence, the concept of following the transformational leadership is because as this provides the direction towards the vision along with the essentials of empowerment, having the concern for individuals, and even the task orientation (Sethibe Steyn, 2017). The transformational leader job is not only providing inspiration but is to be among the employees in achieving the commitments and the goals of the company. Tools and techniques to be used as a project manager: While conducting the business projects there is always a chance or risk of occurring the adverse conditions, which in turn results in the failure of the project or fail to meet the planned objectives such as the cost, quality and time. Being a project manager one has to consider the different activities, tasks and work for accomplishing the deliverables of the project and also considering any risk which results in the actual outcome to be different from the outcome that is expected (Jowah, 2015). Utilizing the technologies related to the project management minimize the disturbance of regular business activities in several cases by placing beneath a solitary command for all the resources, skills and technologies required to understand the project (Jowah, 2015). The processes of the project management mainly include the four key phases that are commencing the project, scheduling the project; project execution and finally accomplishing the project. The tool which as the project manager will implement in influencing the project team is the Kanban tool which will help in managing and monitoring the project with the emphasis on the continuing delivery and to avoid overburdening the project team (Jowah, 2015). Applying such tool in the project management results the teams to work more efficiently together and further optimises the project. In the case of J J Furnishings as the project management, manage the supply chain with having the knowledge of the manufacturing material and the raw material with its effect on the environmental criteria project plan (Jowah, 2015). The Kanban project management tool will use the line of resources that are pulled in the processes as per the requirement. Such process will avoid the excess of the ordering the raw material and the overproduction of the products (Jowah, 2015). The tool will result to keep the resources in the required amount and replacing the one only when it is used. The tool will be effective in visualising what is required in the workflow which results in watching the project activities in the context of the one another and proves to be very informative. The lean system of the tool will help the team to balance the flow based approach to avoid the over commitment of the teams and enhances the flow if one thing is finished then the next highest thing will be visible form the backlog. Kanban promoted the continuous collaboration and also encourages an active team workflow. Six types of power: Power is such a force which induces the behaviour of the others. For the innovation and the organisational growth certain power are requires for overcoming the resistance and inducing the changes. In the case study, the management is implementing certain changes for the growth of the organisation, as a result for the successful implementation of the changes the power which as a project manager is to be applied for influencing the project team is the power of referent and the informational power (Ponnappa, 2015). The refrent power and expert power both are positively related to the agreeableness which results in influencing the project team (Raven, 2008). The referent power results in the other to behave like the one you want to be, hence for influencing the team to work as the leader is working, referent power contributes a lot. Referent power along with the expert power is correlated positively with the commitment of the employees towards the organisation, performance and supervisio n satisfaction (Ponnappa, 2015). The higher the level of the referent and expert power among the project manager higher will influence the project team. Reward and legitimate power results to motivate the team members to work collaboratively. The power of reward results, motivating the employees towards achieving the desired goals, as there is a direct relation between the reward and the performance (Minelle, 2013). On the other side, the legitimate power is as a result of the structural power of the individual which gives the right to command obedience. Legitimate and reward powers, which stalk from the individuals situation in the society was completely related to sociability (Minelle, 2013). That is, persons high in sociability have a tendency to rely further on legitimate and reward powers. Employees probably look for the individuals who are having the desireability characteristics of identifying, admiring and trying to please. The rewards develop a sense of positivity in the performance as it motivates the team to achieve the desired goals that are great efficiency in the supply chain, working further for the corporate social re sponsibility, innovation the new technologies in the business and IT updations which result in the growth of the company (Easton Rosenzweig, 2014). The success of the project depends on the collective working of the team having the acquired knowledge related to the project (Medina Francis, 2015). Hence, for having an impact on the success of the project is to have the desirable information related to the project. Having the information results in an individual to act in a different way, such a power among the project manager leads to acess the confidential fianancial reports which are significant for the company growth and success (Medina Francis, 2015). Along with this, the success of the company is influenced in a great way by the power of reward, rewards in a great way influences the performance of the employees . Steps were taken by the project managers to alleviate the challenges As a project manager, it is his responsibility for the successful completion of the project. In the case, the project manager has to mange the team of the 40 individuals who blong to the different time zone, experience, and backgrounds. The first challenge which the project manager faces is to manage and collaborate the team members of different zone and time (Mascia, 2014). For managing such complexity, mature tools are to be utilised which results to efficiently collaborate online rather than to work with the restricted technologies (Iacob, 2013). Lack of communication is also one of the challenges which can be resolved by scheduling the regular meeting for gaining the trust of the team. To avoid missing the deadlines the project manager has to assign the task to the employees with the specific deadlines and must have a watch and makes sure that is plenty of time for the changes, amendments and review if required further (Iacob, 2013). It is better for the Project management to doc ument the changes, authenticate, evaluate its impacts, find a go for the solution and have the request related to the changes get approved before the solution is executed. To ensure training of the individuals this ensures the employees to understand the culture of the organisations and to understand their roles in ensuring the success. Hence, to conclude the company is required the link the project with the corporate strategies and train the individuals related to the project for increasing the likelihood of the project References Easton, G., Rosenzweig, E. (2014). Types of Team Leader Experience: Disentangling the Effects on Six Sigma Project Success.SSRN Electronic Journal, 31(5),22-25. Iacob, V. (2013). PROJECT MANAGER SKILLS, RISK MANAGEMENT TOOLS.STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES. ECONOMICS EDITION,4 (18), 9-15. Jogulu, U. (2010). Culturally?linked leadership styles.Leadership Organization Development Journal,31(8), 705-719. Jowah, L. (2015). Project Management Tools and Techniques for Effective Project Execution.Journal Of Business And Economics,6(10), 1762-1774. Mahajan, S. (2011). Study on Leadership Styles and Theories.Indian Journal Of Applied Research,4(3), 281-282. Mascia, A. (2014). Project manager: leader, influencer e conflict manager.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (20), 19-23. Medina, A., Francis, A. (2015). What Are the Characteristics That Software Development Project Team Members Associate With a Good Project Manager?.Project Management Journal,46(5), 81-93. Minelle, F. (2013). Leading Managing Innovati on: What Every Executive Team Must Know about Project, Program Portfolio Management.PROJECT MANAGER (IL), (15), 47-48. Ponnappa, G. (2015). The Influential Project Manager: Winning Over Team Members and Stakeholders.Project Management Journal,46(3), e1-e1. Raven, B. (2008). The Bases of Power and the Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence.Analyses Of Social Issues And Public Policy,8(1), 1-22. SETHIBE, T., STEYN, R. (2017). THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THE COMPONENTS OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOUR.International Journal Of Innovation Management,21(02), 1750015.